Brazilian version of the Pasero Opioid-Induced Sedation Scale: cross-cultural adaptation study / Versión brasileña de la escala Pasero Opioid-Induced Sedation Scale: estudio de adaptación transcultural / Versão brasileira da Pasero Opioid-Induced Sedation Scale: estudo de adaptação transcultural

ABSTRACT Objective: Perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the Pasero Opioid-induced Sedation Scale to the Brazilian setting. Method: This is a methodological study using Beaton's framework, which consists in six stages: translation, synthesis of translations, re-translation, expert committee, pre-test, and sending the adapted version of the instrument to the author of the original. The study was carried out from April to December 2021. The research was conducted in a private hospitalin the city of São Paulo, in the adult hospitalization and critical care units. It was approved by the research ethics committee. Results: After translation, translation synthesis and back-translation steps, the version was evaluated by the expert committee, requiring two rounds to obtain acceptable CVI values above 0.80. In the pre-test phase, the scale was well understood, with a CVI of 0.98. Conclusion: The scale was adapted for the Brazilian context; however, further studies will be needed to analyze validity and reliability evidence.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Realizar la adaptación transcultural de la escala de Pasero Opioid-induced Sedation Scale para el contexto brasileño. Método: Estudio metodológico, utilizando el marco de referencia de Beaton, que consta de seis fases: traducción, síntesis de traducciones, traducción inversa, comité de expertos, prueba previa, y envío del instrumento adaptado ala autora del instrumento original. El estudio se realizó de abril a diciembre de 2021, y a la investigación se condujo en un hospital privado, ubicado en la ciudad de São Paulo, en las unidades de hospitalización de adultos y cuidados críticos. Recibió la aprobación del comité de ética. Resultados: Después de las etapas de traducción, síntesis de traducción y traducción inversa, la versión fue evaluada por un comité de expertos, con dos rondas para obtener valores aceptables de índice de validez de contenido superiores a 0,80. En la fase previa a la prueba, la escala mostró una buena comprensión, con una puntuación de 0,98. Conclusión: La escala fue adaptada para el contexto brasileño, sin embargo, serán necesarios más estudios para analizar las evidencias de validez y confiabilidad.

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar adaptação transcultural da escala Pasero Opioid-Induced Sedation para o cenário brasileiro. Método: Estudo metodológico, utilizado referencial de Beaton, composto por seis fases: tradução, síntese das traduções, retradução, comitê de especialistas, pré-teste e envio dos instrumentos adaptados ao autor do instrumento original. Estudo foi realizado de abril a dezembro de 2021. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se em um hospital privado, localizado no município de São Paulo, nas unidades de internação e críticas adultos. Recebeu aprovação do comitê de ética. Resultados: Após as etapas de tradução, síntese de tradução e retrotradução a versão foi avaliada pelo comitê de especialistas, com duas rodadas para obtenção de valores aceitáveis de índice de validade de conteúdo acima de 0,80. Na fase de pré-teste a escala apresentou boa compreensão com score de 0,98. Conclusão: A escala foi adaptada para o contexto brasileiro, no entanto, novos estudos serão necessários para análises de evidências de validade e confiabilidade.

Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Midazolam versus Nitrous Oxide as Sedative Agents during Paediatric Dental Treatment: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify and study the existing literature on the efficacy and safety of midazolam compared to inhalation of nitrous oxide in children undergoing dental treatment. Material and Methods: Electronic resources such as PubMed Central, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Lilacs, Science Direct, and SIGLE were thoroughly searched. The title scan was used to find randomised controlled trials reviewed for inclusion by reading the abstract. Studies comparing the sedative, behavioural, and anxiolytic effects and safety in children undergoing dental treatment under midazolam and nitrous oxide inhalation were included. The Cochrane Reviews system software, Revman 5.4.1, was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Results: 11328 articles were identified by screening the electronic databases, of which 10906 were eliminated after titles were read and duplicates were removed. Ten full-text articles were examined, of which three were excluded as they did not match the eligibility criteria. Hence, a total of 7 studies were included. Midazolam and nitrous oxide inhalation were not statistically different in terms of the success of treatment and behaviour modification. However, midazolam showed a deeper level of sedation and resulted in amnesia in more children when compared to nitrous oxide sedation. All of the included studies were found to have a high risk of bias. Conclusion: Though all the studies included showed an increased risk of bias, midazolam and nitrous oxide inhalation seem equally effective sedative agents for controlling behaviour in children undergoing dental treatment. Midazolam shows a deeper sedation level when given orally and produces a higher rate of anterograde amnesia.

Safety and efficacy of target-controlled infusion versus intermittent bolus administration of propofol for sedation in colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background: Our objective was to compare the safety and efficacy of Target-Controlled Infusion (TCI) versus intermittent bolus of propofol for colonoscopy sedation. Methods: We conducted a randomized (1:1), single-blind, parallel-group superiority trial with fifty ASA I or II patients, both sexes, aged 18 to 65 years, Body Mass Index ≤ 30 kg.mr-2, undergoing colonoscopy, allocated to receive propofol by TCI (effect-site, 2 μg.mL-1 plus 0.5 μg.mL-1 until unconsciousness and as necessary for agitation) or intermittent bolus (1 mg.kg-1 plus 0.5 mg.kg-1 every 5 minutes or as above). The primary safety outcome was the need for airway maneuvers and the primary efficacy outcome was the need for interventions to adjust the level of sedation. Secondary outcomes included incidence of agitation, propofol dose, and time to recovery. Results: The median (IQR) number of airway maneuvers and interventions needed to adjust sedation was 0 (0-0) vs. 0 (0-0) (p = 0.239) and 1 (0-1) vs. 3 (1-4) (p < 0.001) in the TCI and control groups, respectively. Agitation was more common in the intermittent bolus group - 2 (0-2) vs. 1 (0-1), p < 0.001. The mean ± SD time to recovery was 4.9 ± 1.4 minutes in the TCI group vs. 2.3 ± 1.6 minutes in the control group (p < 0.001). The total propofol dose was higher in the TCI group (234 ± 46 μg.kg-1.min-1 vs. 195 ± 44 μg.kg-1.min-1 (p = 0.040)). Conclusions: During colonoscopy, TCI is as safe as intermittent bolus of propofol while reducing the incidence of agitation and the need for dose adjustments. However, intermittent bolus administration was associated with lower total propofol dose and earlier recovery.

Considerações ético-legais sobre a sedação paliativa: a discussão que a pandemia trouxe à tona no norte do Brasil / Ethical and legal considerations for palliative sedation: the debate sparked by the pandemic in northern Brazil / Consideraciones ético-legales sobre la sedación paliativa: la discusión que la pandemia trajo a la luz en el norte de Brasil

Objetivo: analisar o cabimento ético-legal da sedação paliativa, distinguindo-a de condutas que possam ser consideradas eutanásicas e, portanto, penalmente vedadas pelo ordenamento jurídico pátrio e tradicionalmente rechaçadas pelos Códigos de Ética profissionais. Metodologia: mediante pesquisa exploratória bibliográfica, a partir de obras doutrinárias especializadas no tema dos conceitos associados a fim de vida e da disciplina normativa vigente, o estudo buscou cotejar o uso da sedação paliativa com outras condutas e situações relacionadas a terminalidade e morte, de sorte a procurar identificar com maior clareza a qualificação ética e jurídica da prática, sua relevância e licitude no campo dos cuidados paliativos. Resultados: verificou-se que, em meio à crise pandêmica, situações de mistanásia por carência de recursos nas unidades de saúde do estado do Amazonas levaram a uma indevida confusão na compreensão social entre sedação paliativa e eutanásia, impondo-se a necessidade de esclarecer os conceitos e limites entre as condutas. Conclusão: constatou-se a possibilidade jurídica de sedação paliativa como conduta ética e legal, desde que exercida dentro das exigências da boa prática clínica, sem intenção de deliberado encurtamento vital.

Objective: to examine the ethical-legal significance of palliative sedation and to distinguish it from acts that can be described as euthanasia and are therefore prohibited by law in the national legal system and generally rejected by professional ethical Codes. Methods:an exploratory literature review based on textbooks on end-of-life concepts and current normative discipline was conducted to further determine the ethical and legal qualifications of the practice, its relevance and legality in the field of palliative care. Results: The findings revealed that, during the pandemic crisis, misthanasia due to lack of resources in health facilities in the state of Amazonas has led to an undue confusion in social understanding of palliative sedation and euthanasia, so that clarification of the concepts and boundaries between conducts is necessary. Conclusion: the legality of palliative sedation has been confirmed as an ethical and legal behavior, provided it is used within the parameters of good clinical practice and without the intention of deliberately shortening life.

Objetivo: evaluar las implicaciones éticas y legales de la sedación paliativa, diferenciándola de acciones que podrían ser consideradas eutanásicas y, por lo tanto, prohibidas por la ley nacional y tradicionalmente rechazadas por los Códigos de Ética profesional. Metodología: a través de una investigación bibliográfica exploratoria, basada en trabajos doctrinales especializados en el tema de los conceptos asociados al final de la vida y la disciplina normativa actual, el estudio buscó comparar el uso de la sedación paliativa con otras conductas y situaciones relacionadas con la terminalidad y la muerte, con el fin de buscar identificar más claramente la calificación ético-legal de la práctica, su pertinencia y legalidad en el campo de los cuidados paliativos. Resultados: durante la crisis pandémica, las situaciones de mistanasia en las unidades de salud del estado de Amazonas debido a la falta de recursos causaron una confusión indebida en el entendimiento social entre la sedación paliativa y la eutanasia , imponiendo la necesidad de esclarecer los conceptos y límites entre conductas. Conclusión: la sedación paliativa es legal y ética si se realiza dentro de las normas de la buena práctica clínica y sin la intención de reducir deliberadamente la vida.

Conhecimento e percepção de enfermeiros frente à sedação paliativa na oncologia / Knowledge and perception of nurses dealing with palliative sedation in oncology / Conocimiento y percepción de los enfermeros frente a la sedación paliativa en oncología

Objetivo: compreender o conhecimento e a percepção de enfermeiros quanto à sedação paliativa em oncologia. Método: estudo qualitativo, exploratório e descritivo, com delineamento transversal. Participaram do estudo 16 enfermeiros atuantes na oncologia de um hospital de referência localizado ao norte do Rio Grande do Sul. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevista gravada com duração de aproximadamente 10 minutos, sendo aplicado um roteiro de perguntas fechadas com a finalidade de caracterizar os enfermeiros participantes da pesquisa, e perguntas abertas e específicas para contemplar o objetivo do estudo. O método utilizado para o diagnóstico e verificação dos dados da pesquisa foi a análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Os dados foram analisados e codificados por meio do software NVivo 10, que gerou categorias de similaridade e correlações. Resultados: surgiram cinco categorias intituladas "Conhecimento sobre sedação paliativa; Percepção sobre sedação paliativa na oncologia; Sentimentos em relação à sedação paliativa aos pacientes oncológicos; Vivência em relação à sedação paliativa em pacientes oncológicos e Participação do enfermeiro no procedimento de sedação paliativa". Conclusão: o enfermeiro atua de forma efetiva e fundamental na prestação do cuidado e na avaliação do paciente em sedação paliativa, mas ainda encontram-se diversos obstáculos relacionados à participação na tomada de decisões. Evidencia-se a importância de novas pesquisas sobre a temática, como também a implementação de protocolos que subsidiem na indicação da sedação paliativa.(AU)

Objective: to understand the knowledge and perception of nurses dealing with palliative sedation in oncology. Method: this is a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive study, with a cross-sectional design. The study included 16 nurses working in oncology at a reference hospital located in the north of Rio Grande do Sul. Data were collected through recorded interviews lasting approximately 10 minutes, with a script of closed questions being applied to characterize the nurses participating in the research, and open and specific questions, to contemplate the objective of the study. The method used for the diagnosis and verification of research data was Bardin's content analysis. Data were analyzed and coded using the NVivo 10 software, which generated categories of similarity and correlations. Results: five categories emerged: (i) Knowledge about palliative sedation; (ii) Perception of palliative sedation in oncology; (iii) Feelings regarding palliative sedation in cancer patients; (iv) Experience with palliative sedation in cancer patients; and (v) Participation of the nurse in the palliative sedation procedure. Conclusion: nurses act effectively and fundamentally in providing care and evaluating patients undergoing palliative sedation, but there are still several obstacles related to their participation in decision-making. The importance of new research on the subject is evident, as well as the implementation of protocols that support the indication of palliative sedation.(AU)

Objetivo: comprender el conocimiento y la percepción de los enfermeros sobre la sedación paliativa en oncología. Método: estudio cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo, con diseño transversal. El estudio abarcó 16 enfermeros que trabajaban en oncología en un hospital de referencia localizado en el norte de Rio Grande do Sul. La colecta de datos ocurrió por medio de entrevista grabada con duración aproximada de 10 minutos, siendo aplicado un guión de preguntas cerradas con la finalidad de caracterizar los enfermeros participantes de la investigación, y preguntas abiertas y específicas para contemplar el objetivo del estudio. El método utilizado para el diagnóstico y verificación de los datos de la investigación fue el análisis de contenido de Bardin. Los datos fueron analizados y codificados utilizando el software NVivo 10, que generó categorías de similitud y correlaciones. Resultados: surgieron cinco categorías tituladas "Conocimientos sobre sedación paliativa; Percepción de la sedación paliativa en oncología; Sentimientos con respecto a la sedación paliativa para pacientes con cáncer; Experiencia con sedación paliativa en pacientes oncológicos y participación de Enfermeros en el procedimiento de sedación paliativa". Conclusión: el enfermero actúa de forma eficaz y fundamental en la prestación del cuidado y en la evaluación del paciente en sedación paliativa, pero aún existen varios obstáculos relacionados con la participación en la toma de decisiones. Es evidente la importancia de seguir investigando sobre el tema, así como la implementación de protocolos que sustenten la indicación de la sedación paliativa.(AU)

General anesthesia versus deep sedation for dental treatment in children: comparison of parental acceptance, oral health-related quality of life, and treatment efficacy / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the parental acceptance of dental treatment under general anesthesia and deep sedation in children and assess the changes in postoperative oral health-related quality of life and treatment efficacy.@*METHODS@#The parents of 131 children undergoing dental treatment in the Department of Stomatology of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from January, 2022 to June, 2022 were surveyed using a questionnaire of children's advanced oral behavior management, and 83 children receiving general anesthesia or deep sedation for dental treatment between January, 2018 and December, 2021 were also investigated for changes in quality of life after the treatment using a questionnaire. The treatment efficacy was assessed at the 1-year follow-up visit in 149 children who received dental treatment under general anesthesia or deep sedation during the same period.@*RESULTS@#The survey of perantal acceptance showed that 62.6% of the parents preferred deep sedation, 29.01% preferred general anesthesia, and 8.4% preferred compulsory treatment. Dental treatments under general anesthesia and deep sedation both significantly improved oral health-related quality of life of the children. While dental surgeries under general anesthesia resulted in the most significant improvement of pain symptoms, deep sedation was associated with both obvious relief of the children's pain symptoms and reduction of the parents' pressure level. No significant difference was found in the efficacy of treatments under general anesthesia and deep sedation at the 1-year follow-up.@*CONCLUSION@#Dental treatment in children under deep sedation has the highest parental acceptance, followed by treatment under general anesthesia, and the acceptance of compulsory treatment is the lowest. The treatments under general anesthesia and deep sedation significantly improve the quality of life of the children and their parents and both have good treatment efficacy.

The use of a noninvasive positive pressure system to facilitate tracheal intubation in a difficult pediatric airway: a case report

Abstract Patients with burns to the head and neck maybe difficult to intubate or ventilate via facemask. Furthermore, post-burn scarring and microstomia may reduce the success of rescue supraglottic airway placement. While awake tracheal intubation using a flexible intubation scope is considered the optimal technique for these patients, it may not always be feasible in the pediatric population. We report a case of successful management of a difficult airway in a child with extensive post-burn head and neck deformity using a noninvasive positive pressure system to aid with inhalational induction and deep sedation during intubation using a flexible scope.

Uso de cetamina em pacientes críticos: uma revisão narrativa / Ketamine use in critically ill patients: a narrative review

RESUMO A cetamina é única entre os anestésicos e analgésicos. A droga é um anestésico geral de ação rápida que produz um estado anestésico caracterizado por analgesia profunda, reflexos faríngeolaríngeos preservados, tônus músculo esquelético normal ou ligeiramente aumentado, estimulação cardiovascular e respiratória e, ocasionalmente, insuficiência respiratória transitória e mínima. Estudos demonstraram a eficácia de seu uso em anestesia, na dor, em cuidados paliativos e em cuidados intensivos. Recentemente, tem sido empregada para dores pós-operatórias e crônicas, como coadjuvante em psicoterapia, como tratamento para depressão e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático, como sedativo para procedimentos cirúrgicos e como tratamento para condições clínicas respiratórias e/ou neurológicas. Apesar de ser um medicamento seguro e amplamente utilizado, muitos médicos, como intensivistas e emergencistas, não estão cientes das aplicações clínicas atuais da cetamina. O objetivo desta revisão bibliográfica narrativa é apresentar aspectos teóricos e práticos das aplicações clínicas da cetamina em ambientes de unidade de terapia intensiva e serviços de emergência.

ABSTRACT Ketamine is unique among anesthetics and analgesics. The drug is a rapid-acting general anesthetic that produces an anesthetic state characterized by profound analgesia, preserved pharyngeal-laryngeal reflexes, normal or slightly enhanced skeletal muscle tone, cardiovascular and respiratory stimulation, and occasionally a transient and minimal respiratory depression. Research has demonstrated the efficacy of its use on anesthesia, pain, palliative care, and intensive care. Recently, it has been used for postoperative and chronic pain, as an adjunct in psychotherapy, as a treatment for depression and posttraumatic stress disorder, as a procedural sedative, and as a treatment for respiratory and/or neurologic clinical conditions. Despite being a safe and widely used drug, many physicians, such as intensivists and those practicing in emergency care, are not aware of the current clinical applications of ketamine. The objective of this narrative literature review is to present the theoretical and practical aspects of clinical applications of ketamine in intensive care unit and emergency department settings.

Use of sedatives and analgesics and hospital outcomes in pediatric intensive care: a cohort study / Uso de sedativos e analgésicos e desfechos hospitalares em terapia intensiva pediátrica: estudo de coorte

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Continuous infusion sedoanalgesia may favor negative hospital outcomes, thus, the objective was to analyze the relationship between continuous infusion sedoanalgesia and factors such as duration of mechanical pulmonary ventilation (MPV), extubation failure, hospital infections, length of hospitalization, and death in a mixed pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). The aim of this study was to identify the association of the use of sedatives and analgesics in continuous infusion with hospital outcomes through the control of confounding variables. METHODS Retrospective cohort with hospitalizations of children aged zero to 14 years, from 2012 to 2017. Use of continuous sedoanalgesia was considered a factor for the outcomes: duration of MPV, extubation failure, hospital infections (healthcare-associated infections - HCAI, fungal infection and catheter-related bloodstream infection), length of stay in the PICU and hospital, and death. Poisson regression was performed with adjustment by progressive models, with a significance level of 5%, calculation of relative risk (RR) and confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS A total of 894 hospitalizations were analyzed, with a predominance of males (54.3%), non-malnourished children (70.7%) and without a diagnosis of chronic disease (55.1%). Infants accounted for half of the population. The outcomes that were associated with continuous sedoanalgesia in the final model were: MPV time > 4 days (RR=2.74; 95%CI=1.90-3.93), HCAI (RR=1.91; 95%CI=.32-2.80), fungal infection (RR=2.00; 95%CI=1.12-3.58), length of stay in the PICU > 3 days (RR=1.81; 95%CI=1.51-2.17) and hospital stay > 10 days (RR=1.52; 95%CI=1.27-1.84), and death (RR=0.64; 95%CI=0.43-0.95). CONCLUSION MPV time longer than four days, diagnosis of HCAI, diagnosis of fungal infection, length of stay in the PICU longer than three days, and hospitalization time longer than 10 days were factors more present in children who received continuous infusion of sedoanalgesia. Death, on the other hand, was more related to severity variables than to the use of psychoactive drugs.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS A sedoanalgesia em infusão contínua pode favorecer desfechos hospitalares negativos, assim, o objetivo foi analisar a relação entre sedoanalgesia em infusão contínua e fatores como tempo de ventilação pulmonar mecânica (VPM), falha de extubação, infecções hospitalares, tempo de internação e óbito numa unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica (UTIP) mista. MÉTODOS Coorte retrospectivo com internações de crianças de zero a 14 anos, de 2012 a 2017. Uso de sedoanalgesia contínua foi considerado fator para os desfechos tempo de VPM, falha de extubação, infecções hospitalares (infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde - IRAS, infecção fúngica e infecção de corrente sanguínea relacionada a cateter), tempo de internação em UTIP e no hospital e óbito. Foi realizada a regressão de Poisson com ajuste por modelos progressivos com nível de significância de 5%, cálculo do risco relativo (RR) e intervalo de confiança (IC 95%). Este estudo buscou identificar a associação do uso de sedativos e analgésicos em infusão contínua com desfechos hospitalares por meio do controle de variáveis de confusão. RESULTADOS Foram analisadas 894 internações, predominando o sexo masculino (54,3%), crianças não desnutridas (70,7%) e sem diagnóstico de doença crônica (55,1%). Lactentes representaram metade da população. Os desfechos que se associaram à sedoanalgesia contínua no modelo final foram: tempo de VPM > 4 dias (RR=2,74; IC95%=1,90-3,93), IRAS (RR=1,91; IC95%=1,32-2,80), infecção fúngica (RR=2,00; IC95%=1,12-3,58), tempo de internação na UTIP > 3 dias (RR=1,81; IC95%=1,51-2,17) e hospitalar > 10 dias (RR=1,52; IC95%=1,27-1,84) e óbito (RR=0,64; IC95%=0,43-0,95). CONCLUSÃO: Tempo de VPM maior que quatro dias, diagnóstico de IRAS, diagnóstico de infecção fúngica, tempo de internação na UTIP maior que três dias e tempo de internação hospitalar maior que 10 dias foram mais incidentes nas crianças que receberam sedoanalgesia em infusão contínua. Já o óbito apresentou maior relação com as variáveis de gravidade do que com o uso de fármacos psicoativos.

Efecto sedativo de Dexmedetomidina intranasal versus sublingual más Remifentanil-Propofol mediante bombas de infusión

Objetivos: evaluar el efecto de dexmedetomidina sublingual frente a dexmedetomidina vía nasal más remifentanilo -propofol con bomba de infusión en procedimientos ginecológicos. Métodos: ensayo clínico no controlado, doble ciego, prospectivo. 68 pacientes con criterios de inclusión dividas en 3 grupos, grupo A [dexmedetomidina sublingual a 0.75 ug/kg], grupo B [dexmedetomidina vía nasal a 0,9 gg/kg] y grupo C [control] más adición de remifentanil y propofol por bombas de infusión. Análisis estadístico de variables cualitativas con chi cuadrado, variables cuantitativas de distribución libre se usó Kruskal-Wallis y distribución normal Anova. Nivel de confianza del 95 % y margen de error del 9 %. Resultados: edad con un rango de 30 a 32 años, la dosis de inicio y sostén tanto del remifentanilo y propofol se disminuyó hasta la mitad comparada con el grupo control, a predominio en el grupo A. Con poca variabilidad en los parámetros hemodinámicos sin repercusión clínica. Efectos adversos más frecuentes como depresión respiratoria en el grupo control, no se observó analgesia con el uso de dexmedetomidina. Y con menor tiempo de estancia en salas de recuperación en pacientes que se administró dexmedetomidina vía nasal. Conclusiones: la administración sublingual es superior con la nasal debido al menor requerimiento de propofol, menos cambios en la presión sanguínea media, sin efectos adversos que se puedan manejar, con mayor facilidad en su administración. Aunque la administración nasal produce un despertar más rápido y mejor control de la frecuencia cardiaca.

Objectives: to evaluate the effect of sublingual dexmedetomidine versus nasal dexmedetomidine plus remifentanil-propofol infusion pump in gynecological procedures. Methods: Uncontrolled, double-blind, prospective clinical trial. 68 patients with inclusion criteria were divided into 3 groups, group A [sublingual dexmedetomidine at 0.75 ug/kg], group B [nasal dexmedetomidine at 0.9 ug/kg] and group C [control] plus the addition of remifentanil and propofol by infusion pumps. Statistical analysis of qualitative variables with chi- square, quantitative variables with free distribution used Kruskal-Wallis and normal distribution Anova. Confidence level of 95% and margin of error of 9%. Results: age with a range of 30 to 32 years, the starting and maintenance dose of both remifentanil and propofol was halved compared to the control group, mainly in group A. With little variability in hemodynamic parameters without clinical repercussion. The most frequent adverse effects were respiratory depression in the control group, no analgesia was observed with the use of dexmedetomidine. And with a shorter stay in recovery rooms in patients who received nasal dexmedetomidine. Conclusions: sublingual administration is superior to nasal due to the lower requirement of propofol, less changes in mean blood pressure, with no adverse effects that can be managed, and with greater ease of administration. Although nasal administration produces a faster awakening and better control of heart rate.

Efficay of different doses of remimazolam for anesthesia induction during reoperation in asthenic patients with tracheotomy / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the efficay of different doses of remimazolam for anesthesia induction during reoperation in asthenic patients with tracheotomy.Methods:One hundred and twenty patients of both sexes, aged 19-64 yr, with a modified frailty index score ≥3, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅳ, scheduled for reoperation after tracheotomy, were divided into 4 groups ( n=30 each)using a random number table method: propofol group (group C) and different doses of remimazolam groups (R 1, R 2 and R 3 groups). Anesthesia was induced with intravenous sufentanil 5 μg, propofol 1.5 mg/kg in group C and with remimazolam 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg/kg in R 1, R 2 and R 3 groups, respectively.The tracheotomy cannula was replaced with a reinforced endotracheal intubation (ID=6.0 mm) when bispectral index value ≤ 65.Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were recorded before induction (T 0), immediately before replacement of the tube (T 1) and immediately after replacement of the tube (T 2). The onset time of anesthesia and adverse reactions such as hypotension, bradycardia and bucking during replacement of the tube, and requirement for rescue sedation were recorded. Results:Compared with group C, mean arterial pressure was significantly increased at T 1, 2 in group R 1 and group R 2, the onset time of anesthesia was significantly prolonged, the incidence of hypotension and bradycardia was decreased in R 1, R 2 and R 3 groups, and the requirement for rescue sedation in group R 1 and incidence of bucking in group R 1 and group R 2 were increased ( P<0.05 or 0.01). Compared with group R 1, heart rate at T 2 was significantly decreased, the onset time of anesthesia was shortened, and the requirement for rescue sedation and incidence of bucking were decreased in C, R 2 and R 3 groups, and the incidence of hypotension was significantly increased in group R 3 ( P<0.05 or 0.01). Compared with group R 2, the onset time of anesthesia was significantly shortened in group R 3 ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Remimazolam 0.2 mg/kg provides good efficacy when used for anesthesia induction with fewer side effects during reoperation in asthenic patients with tracheotomy.

Adaptação cultural da withdrawal assesment tool version (wat ­ 1) para língua portuguesa falada no Brasil / Adaptación cultural de la evaluación de retiro versión de la herramienta (wat ­ 1) para el idioma portugués hablado en Brasil / Cultural adaptation of the version of the withdrawal assessement tool (wat-1) for portuguese language spoken in Brazil

Objetivo: Adaptar, para a língua portuguesa do Brasil, o instrumento Withdrawal Assessment Tool Version (WAT ­1). Métodos: Pesquisa metodológica, realizada no município de São Paulo/SP de março de 2017 a abril de 2019. O processo de adaptação cultural obedeceu às dez etapas definidas segundo o Report of the ISPOR Task Force for Translation and CulturalAdaptation, sendo realizado avaliação das equivalências semântica, idiomáticas, conceitual e cultural, por um comitê de nove juízes; avaliação da compreensibilidade do instrumento por 30 especialistas em Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica; revisão da avaliação da compreensibilidade; revisão final da tradução; relatório final. Resultados: A concordância entre os juízes na análise das equivalências apresentou escore médio de 96,9% na segunda rodada, devido a concordância de 80% na primeira etapa. Já, na avaliação da compreensibilidade, obteve-se 100% de compreensão dos especialistas. Conclusão: A tradução e adaptação cultural do instrumento wat-1 para língua portuguesa falada no Brasil foram consideradas satisfatórias(AU)

Objective: To adapt the Withdrawal Assessment Tool Version (WAT - 1) to the Portuguese language of Brazil. Methods: Methodological research, carried out in the city of São Paulo/SP from March 2017 to April 2019. The process of cultural adaptation followed the ten stages defined according to the Report of the ISPOR Task Force for Translation and Cultural Adaptation: authorization; translation, reconciliation, backtranslation; back-translation review; harmonization, with the evaluation of semantic, idiomatic, conceptual and cultural equivalences carried out by a committee of nine judges; evaluation of the comprehensibility of the instrument by 30 specialists in Pediatric Intensive Care TIP; review of the comprehensibility assessment; final translation review; final report. Results: The adapted instrument was divided into 35 sentences, being evaluated by nine judges regarding their equivalences. The agreement among the judges in the analysis of equivalences proved to be excellent, with an average score of 96.9% in these cond round. There was a need for two rounds, as some items did not show 80% agreement in the first stage. In the comprehensibility assessment, 100% of the specialists' understanding was obtained. Conclusion: The translation and cultural adaptation of the wat-1 instrument to the Portuguese language spoken in Brazil were considered satisfactory.(AU)

Objetivo: Adaptar la Versión de la Herramienta de Evaluación de Retiros (WAT - 1) al idioma portugués de Brasil. Métodos: Investigación metodológica, realizada en la ciudad de São Paulo/SP de marzo de 2017 a abril de 2019. Cuyo proceso de adaptación cultural siguió las diez etapas definidas según el Informe del Grupo de Trabajo ISPOR para la Traducción y Adaptación Cultural: autorización; traducción, reconciliación, retrotraducción; revisión de la retrotraducción; armonización, con la evaluación de equivalencias semánticas, idiomáticas, conceptuales y culturales realizada por un comité de nueve jueces; evaluación de la comprensibilidad del instrumento por 30 especialistas en Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos TIP; revisión de la evaluación de comprensibilidad; revisión final de la traducción; informe final. Resultados: El instrumento adaptado se dividió en 35 sentencias, siendo evaluadas por nueve jueces en cuanto a sus equivalencias. La concordancia entre los jueces en el análisis de equivalencias resultó excelente, con una puntuación media de 96,9% en la segunda vuelta. Hubo necesidad de dos rondas, ya que algunos ítems no mostraron un 80% de acuerdo en la primera etapa. En la etapa de la evaluación de comprensibilidad, se obtuvo el 100% de la comprensión de los especialistas. Conclusión: La traducción y adaptación cultural del instrumento wat-1 al idioma portugués hablado en Brasil fue considerada satisfactoria.(AU)

Desafíos en el manejo de la sedación, analgesia y bloqueo neuromuscular en el paciente crítico COVID-19 en Chile / Challenges in the management of analgesia and sedation in critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Chile

Approximately 5% of COVID-19 patients will have a severe disease requiring invasive or non-invasive mechanical ventilation. In this conditions, sedatives and analgesics are fundamental to promote tolerance, comfort and synchrony with the mechanical ventilator. High and unusual requirements for sedation, analgesics and neuromuscular blockers have been reported in these patients, contributing to prolonged exposure, a high rate of delirium and prolongation of mechanical ventilation. These factors, added to the progressive shortage of these drugs, a high demand for care and less capacity for personalized attention, have created an adverse scenario for their proper and rational use. This paper proposes different pharmacotherapeutic optimization strategies for a rational management of sedation, analgesia and neuromuscular block in critically ill patients with COVID-19, with the therapeutic alternatives available in Chile.

Consenso para el manejo de la analgesia, sedación y delirium en adultos con síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo por COVID-19 / Consensus for the management of analgesia, sedation and delirium in adults with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome

RESUMEN Objetivo: Proponer estrategias agile para este abordaje integral de la analgesia, sedación, delirium, implementación de movilidad temprana e inclusión familiar del paciente con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda por COVID-19, considerando el alto riesgo de infección que existe entre los trabajadores de salud, el tratamiento humanitario que debemos brindar al paciente y su familia, en un contexto de falta estrategias terapéuticas específicas contra el virus globalmente disponibles a la fecha y una potencial falta de recursos sanitarios. Metodos: Se llevó a cabo una revision no sistemática de la evidencia científica en las principales bases de datos bibliográficos, sumada a la experiencia y juicio clínico nacional e internacional. Finalmente, se realizó un consenso de recomendaciones entre los integrantes del Comité de Analgesia, Sedación y Delirium de la Sociedad Argentina de Terapia Intensiva. Resultados: Se acordaron recomendaciones y se desarrollaron herramientas para asegurar un abordaje integral de analgesia, sedación, delirium, implementación de movilidad temprana e inclusión familiar del paciente adulto con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda por COVID-19. Discusión: Ante el nuevo orden generado en las terapias intensivas por la progresión de la pandemia de COVID-19, proponemos no dejar atrás las buenas prácticas habituales, sino adaptarlas al contexto particular generado. Nuestro consenso está respaldado en la evidencia científica, la experiencia nacional e internacional, y será una herramienta de consulta atractiva en las terapias intensivas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To propose agile strategies for a comprehensive approach to analgesia, sedation, delirium, early mobility and family engagement for patients with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome, considering the high risk of infection among health workers, the humanitarian treatment that we must provide to patients and the inclusion of patients' families, in a context lacking specific therapeutic strategies against the virus globally available to date and a potential lack of health resources. Methods: A nonsystematic review of the scientific evidence in the main bibliographic databases was carried out, together with national and international clinical experience and judgment. Finally, a consensus of recommendations was made among the members of the Committee for Analgesia, Sedation and Delirium of the Sociedad Argentina de Terapia Intensiva. Results: Recommendations were agreed upon, and tools were developed to ensure a comprehensive approach to analgesia, sedation, delirium, early mobility and family engagement for adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19. Discussion: Given the new order generated in intensive therapies due to the advancing COVID-19 pandemic, we propose to not leave aside the usual good practices but to adapt them to the particular context generated. Our consensus is supported by scientific evidence and national and international experience and will be an attractive consultation tool in intensive therapies.

Adaptação transcultural para o Brasil da Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale para avaliação da sedação em terapia intensiva pediátrica / Cross-cultural adaptation of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale to Brazilian Portuguese for the evaluation of sedation in pediatric intensive care

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar adaptação transcultural para o Brasil da Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) para avaliação da sedação em terapia intensiva pediátrica Métodos: Processo de adaptação transcultural incluindo as etapas de equivalência conceitual, de itens, semântica e operacional, de acordo com recomendações atuais. Resultados: Pré-testes, divididos em duas etapas, incluíram 30 profissionais da unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica de um hospital universitário, que aplicaram a RASS traduzida em pacientes de 29 dias a 18 anos. Os pré-testes mostraram Índice de Validade de Conteúdo acima de 0,90 para todos os itens: 0,97 na primeira etapa de pré-testes e 0,99 na segunda. Conclusão: A adaptação transcultural da RASS para o português do Brasil resultou em versão com excelente compreensão e aceitabilidade em cenário de terapia intensiva pediátrica. Estudos de confiabilidade e de validade devem ser realizados para avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da versão adaptada para o português do Brasil da RASS.

ABSTRACT Objective: To perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) to Brazilian Portuguese for the evaluation of sedation in pediatric intensive care. Methods: Cross-cultural adaptation process including the conceptual, item, semantic and operational equivalence stages according to current recommendations. Results: Pretests, divided into two stages, included 30 professionals from the pediatric intensive care unit of a university hospital, who administered the translated RASS to patients aged 29 days to 18 years. The pretests showed a content validity index above 0.90 for all items: 0.97 in the first stage of pretests and 0.99 in the second. Conclusion: The cross-cultural adaptation of RASS to Brazilian Portuguese resulted in a version with excellent comprehensibility and acceptability in a pediatric intensive care setting. Reliability and validity studies should be performed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the RASS.

Efficacy of remimazolam combined with low-dose propofol for sedation during induction of anesthesia / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of remimazolam combined with low-dose propofol for sedation during induction of anesthesia.Methods:A total of 228 patients of both sexes, aged 18-64 yr, with body mass index of 19-35 kg/m 2, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ-Ⅲ, undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, were divided into 2 groups ( n=114 each) by a random number table method: remimazolam combined with low-dose propofol group (group R) and propofol group (group P). Anesthesia was induced with intravenous injection of sufentanil 0.3 μg/kg, remimazolam 0.3 mg/kg, propofol 0.5 mg/kg and micuronium 0.2 mg/kg in group R, and sufentanil 0.3 μg/kg, propofol 2 mg/kg and micuronium 0.2 mg/kg in group P. Endotracheal intubation was performed when bispectral index value ≤ 50.Before induction (T 0), immediately before intubation (T 1), at 1 min (T 2) and 3 min (T 3) after intubation, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded.The anesthesia induction time and the incidence of hypotension and bradycardia were recorded in the two groups. Results:There was no significant difference in MAP and HR at T 0 between the two groups ( P>0.05). Compared with the value at T 0, MAP in two groups and HR were significantly decreased at T 1-3 in group P ( P<0.01). Compared with group P, the anesthesia induction time was significantly prolonged, and hypotension and bradycardia was decreased in group R ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The combination of remimazolam and low-dose propofol exerts better efficacy for sedation during induction of anesthesia than propofol alone.

Clinical efficacy of short-term deep sedation after decompressive craniectomy with hematoma removal in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of short-term deep sedation after conventional decompressive craniotomy with hematoma removal in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.Methods:Sixty patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage who underwent conventional decompressive craniotomy with hematoma removal in the People′s Hospital of Yueqing, China between March 2018 and May 2019 were included in this study. They were randomly divided into deep sedation and light sedation groups ( n = 30/group). The deep sedation group was administered propofol (0.6-1.2 mg/kg/h) combined with sedate fentanyl to achieve the level of sedation to Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) -3 to -4 points and to the level of pain to Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) 0-1 point. The duration of sedation and analgesia was for 48 hours. The light sedation group was administered propofol (0.2-0.5 mg/kg/h) combined with sedate fentanyl to achieve the level of sedation to RASS -1 to -2 points and to the level of pain to CPOT 0-1 point. The duration of sedation and analgesia was rehemorrhage for 48 hours. Patients in the two groups were intravenously administered Urapidil to control blood pressure to be 120-160/60-90 mmHg. In addition, all patients were subjected to mechanical ventilation, dehydration, reduction of intracranial pressure, anti-infection and symptomatic treatment. At 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after surgery, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, intracranial pressure, recurrence of hemorrhage, ventilator-associated pneumonia, lower extremity deep venous thrombosis, and gastrointestinal bleeding were monitored. Results:At 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after surgery, the heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and intracranial pressure in the deep sedation group were significantly lower than those in the light sedation group ( P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The recurrence of rehemorrhage and the incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding in the deep sedation group were 3.33% (1/30) and 6.67% (2/30), respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the light sedation group [10.00% (3/30), 20.00% (6/30), χ2 = 1.071, 2.307, both P < 0.05). There were no significant incidences in ventilator-associated pneumonia [30.00% (9/30) vs. 23.30% (7/30), χ2 = 0.340, P > 0.05] and lower extremity deep venous thrombosis [10.00% (3/30) vs. 6.67% (2/30), χ2 = 0.340, P > 0.05]. Conclusion:Short-term deep sedation after conventional decompressive craniotomy with hematoma removal can lower the heart beat, mean arterial pressure, intracranial pressure, the postoperative recurrence of hemorrhage, and the incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage.

Dexmedetomidina intranasal en sedación para ginecoobstetricia / Intranasal dexmedetomidine in sedation for OB/GYN

Objetivos: evaluar el uso de la dexmedetomidina intranasal como coadyuvante para sedación en LUI y AMEU asociado al sistema de infusión controlado por objetivo. Métodos: ensayo clínico no controlado, prospectivo y simple ciego. Muestra de 48 pacientes que cumplen los criterios de inclusión. Grupo CD se administró Dexmedetomidina IN a dosis de 0,9 µg/kg y otro grupo de control. Para el análisis estadístico de variables continuas se usó media y DE; para variables ordinales se calculó frecuencia. Además de prueba T de Student y Chi χ2. Nivel de confianza de 95 % y margen de error 12%. Resultados: edad media de 32 ± 7 años; en el grupo CD la dosis de inducción y mantenimiento de remifentanil fue de 2 ± 0,7 ng/ml y en el grupo SD la dosis de inducción fue de 4,1 ± 0,7 ng/ml y de mantenimiento 3,9 ± 0,5 ng/ml; para el propofol la dosis de inducción y mantenimiento fue 3,7 ± 0,5 mcg/ml en el grupo SD mientras que, en el grupo CD la dosis de inducción y mantenimiento fue de 2,1 ± 0,5 mcg/ml. La frecuencia cardiaca de 64 - 62 y en el grupo SD fue de 70 - 67 latidos/min. La PAM asociado al dexme está por 73 mmHg y el grupo de SD es de 78 mmHg. No se verifico complicaciones por la administración de la Dexmedetomidina. Conclusiones: la dexmedetomidina IN permite disminuir la dosis de los fármacos, con estabilidad de los cambios hemodinámicos, la dosis utilizada no produce complicaciones.

Objectives: to evaluate the use of intranasal dexmedetomidine as an adjunct for sedation in LUI and AMEU associated with the objective controlled infusion system. Methods: uncontrolled, prospective, single-blind clinical trial. Sample of 48 patients who meet the inclusion criteria. Group CD was administered Dexmedetomidine IN a dose of 0.9 µg / kg and another control group. For the statistical analysis of continuous variables, mean and SD were used; For ordinal variables, frequency was calculated. In addition to Student's T-test and Chi χ2. 95% confidence level and 12% margin of error. Results: age of 32 ± 7 years; in the CD group the induction and maintenance dose of remifentanil was 2 ± 0.7 ng / ml and in the SD group the induction dose was 4.1 ± 0.7 ng / ml and maintenance dose 3.9 ± 0.5 ng / ml; for propofol the induction and maintenance dose was 3.7 ± 0.5 mcg / ml in the SD group, while in the CD group the induction and maintenance dose was 2.1 ± 0.5 mcg / ml. The heart rate was 64-62 and in the SD group it was 70-67 beats / min. The MAP associated with dexme is 73 mmHg and the SD group is 78 mmHg. No complications were verified by the administration of Dexmedetomidine. Conclusions: dexmedetomidine IN allows to decrease the dose of drugs, with stability of hemodynamic changes, the dose used does not cause complications.

Practices related to assessment of sedation, analgesia and delirium among critical care pediatricians in Brazil / Práticas relacionadas à avaliação de sedação, analgesia e delirium entre pediatras intensivistas no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective To understand the use of tools, protocols and comfort measures related to sedation/analgesia, and to screen the occurrence of delirium in pediatric intensive care units. Methods A survey with 14 questions was distributed by e-mail to Brazilian critical care pediatricians. Eight questions addressed physician and hospital demographics, and six inquired practices to assess sedation, analgesia, and delirium in pediatric intensive care units. Results Of 373 questionnaires sent, 61 were answered (16.3%). The majority of physicians were practicing in the Southeast region (57.2%). Of these, 46.5% worked at public hospitals, 28.6% of which under direct state administration. Of respondents, 57.1% used formal protocols for sedation and analgesia, and the Ramsay scale was the most frequently employed (52.5%). Delirium screening scores were not used by 48.2% of physicians. The Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium was the score most often used (23.2%). The majority (85.7%) of physicians did not practice daily sedation interruption, and only 23.2% used non-pharmacological measures for patient comfort frequently, with varied participation of parents in the process. Conclusion This study highlights the heterogeneity of practices for assessment of sedation/analgesia and lack of detection of delirium among critical care pediatricians in Brazil.

RESUMO Objetivo Compreender o uso de ferramentas, protocolos e medidas de conforto relacionadas à sedação/analgesia, além de rastrear a presença de delirium em unidades de terapia intensiva pediátricas. Métodos Um inquérito com 14 questões foi distribuído, por meio de correio eletrônico, para médicos pediatras intensivistas brasileiros. Oito questões eram sobre os dados demográficos dos médicos e dos hospitais, e seis questões eram sobre as práticas na avaliação da sedação, analgesia e delirium em unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica. Resultados Responderam ao inquérito 61 médicos dos 373 e-mails enviados (taxa de resposta de 16,3%). A maioria dos médicos era da Região Sudeste (57,2%) e 46,5% trabalhavam em hospitais públicos, sendo 28,6% sob administração direta do Estado. Dos respondedores, 57,1% utilizavam protocolos formais de sedação e analgesia, sendo a escala de Ramsay a mais utilizada (52,5%). Não utilizavam escores de rastreamento de delirium 48,2% dos médicos, e o Cornell Asssessment of Pediatric Delirium (23,2%) foi o mais utilizado. A maioria (85,7%) dos médicos não utilizou a prática da interrupção diária da sedação, e apenas 23,2% utilizavam medidas não farmacológicas para o conforto do paciente com frequência, com a participação heterogênea dos pais nesse processo. Conclusão Este estudo destaca a heterogeneidade nas práticas de avaliação da sedação/analgesia e insuficiência de rastreamento de delirium entre os intensivistas pediátricos brasileiros.

Prevalence of palliative sedation in the State of São Paulo: an emerging medical demand / Prevalência de sedação paliativa no Estado de São Paulo: uma demanda médica emergente

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the prevalence of palliative sedation use and related factors. Methods An observational study based on data collected via electronic questionnaire comprising 23 close-ended questions and sent to physicians living and working in the state of São Paulo. Demographic data, prevalence and frequency of palliative sedation use, participant's familiarity with the practice and related motivating factors were analyzed. In order to minimize memory bias, questions addressing use frequency and motivating factors were limited to the last year prior to survey completion date. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data. Results In total, 20,168 e-mails were sent and 324 valid answers obtained, resulting in 2% adherence. The overall prevalence of palliative sedation use over the course of professional practice was 68%. However, only 48% of respondents reported having used palliative sedation during the last year, primarily to relieve pain (35%). The frequency of use ranged from one to six times (66%) during the study period and the main reason for not using was the lack of eligible patients (64%). Approximately 83% of physicians felt comfortable using palliative sedation but only 26% reported having specific academic training in this field. Conclusion The prevalence of palliative sedation use is high, the primary indication being pain relief. However, frequency of use is low due to lack of eligible patients.

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao uso de sedação paliativa. Métodos Trata-se de estudo observacional realizado a partir do preenchimento de um questionário eletrônico com 23 questões objetivas enviado a médicos paulistas. Foram avaliados os dados demográficos, a prevalência e a frequência de uso da sedação paliativa; o nível de conhecimento a respeito da técnica; e as motivações para sua utilização. Visando minimizar o viés de recordação, questões sobre a frequência de uso e motivações para tal, as respostas deveriam se referir ao último ano em relação à data de preenchimento da pesquisa. Foi utilizada estatística descritiva para sumarizar os resultados. Resultados Foram enviados 20.168 e-mails e obtiveram-se 324 respostas válidas, resultando em 2% de adesão. A prevalência de utilização da sedação paliativa ao longo do histórico de atuação profissional foi de 68%, mas apenas 48% utilizaram a sedação paliativa no último ano, motivados, principalmente, pela presença de dor no paciente (35%). A frequência de uso foi de uma a seis vezes (66%), e a principal razão para não empregar a sedação paliativa foi a ausência de pacientes elegíveis (64%). Aproximadamente 83% dos médicos sentiam-se confortáveis quanto ao uso de sedação paliativa, mas apenas 26% possuíam formação teórica específica na área. Conclusão A prevalência de uso da sedação paliativa é alta, sendo utilizada, na maioria das vezes, para proporcionar o alívio da dor do paciente. Por outro lado, sua frequência de utilização é baixa, principalmente pela ausência de pacientes elegíveis.